Free Fantasies about the Future and the Emergence of Developmental Goals
نویسنده
چکیده
Action-theoretical models and research provide a new framework for analyzing questions of human development across the life span (Brandtstädter, 1998). Action theories as introduced by psychologists of motivation, social psychologists, and personaliry psychologists (for summaries, see Gollwitzer & Bargh, 1996; Locke & Latham, 1990; Pervin, 1989) focus on how people's goals guide their actions. More specifically, action theories analyze such phenomena as the monitoring of goal pursuit (Carver & Scheier, 1998), the evaluation of goal attainment (Bandura, 1991), the mastery of increasing difficulties (Wright & Brehm, 1989), and the responding to and coping with failure (Bandura, 1991; Carver & Scheier, 1981,1982,1998; Taylor & Brown,1988; Wicklund & Gollwitzer,1982). Two rypes of goal theories have been suggested to explain these phenomena (Gollwitzer & Moskowitz, 1996). Goal content theories point to the importance of goal content (Dweck, 1996; Deci & Ryan, 1991) and goal
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